Abstract
Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs) refer to a group of nodes working underneath the earth plane that has been predicted to render concurrent observation capability in the hostile subversive and underwater surroundings. The accurate monitoring in places like underground earth, water, lubricates so on called non-conventional media need high accuracy of tiny sized sensors with antennas at a similar size. Therefore, an investigation is needed to study the opportunities and drawbacks of utilizing WUSNs without compromising the effectiveness of real-time monitoring procedures. With this, the major confrontation is to institute a trustworthy underground communication regardless of the complex environment that has the key difficulties like elevated path loss, and miniature communication range when piercing through the soil, sand, water, and oil surfaces. On the other hand, aside from on or after elevated pathway failure, it acknowledges continuously varying channel deeds owing to the underground communication. In non-conventional media, dealing with the concerns for scheming cluster-based cooperative communication protocols for sensors have been a tough task to improve the network lifetime and its energy effectiveness. The paper intends to concentrate on these problems to put forward a fresh cooperative communication channel model bearing in mind, the propagation belongings of terahertz EM waves in the underground sensor network. Besides, the work also focuses on the creation of energy-efficient Clustered Cooperative communication protocol (CCNU) for underground sensor network to yield better reliability and effective utilization of spectrum efficiency by obtaining better lifetime, throughput, packet loss, successful packet delivery, and energy utilization. The outcome of this proposal would yield an outcome in the form of better communication channel modeling for monitoring, intrusion detection, exploration, and sensing.