Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19.1 million participants

Bin Zhou; James Bentham; Mariachiara Di Cesare; Honor Bixby; Goodarz Danaei; Melanie J. Cowan; Christopher J. Paciorek; Gitanjali Singh; Kaveh Hajifathalian; James E. Bennett; Cristina Taddei; Ver Bilano; Rodrigo M. Carrillo-Larco; Shirin Djalalinia; Shahab Khatibzadeh; Charles Lugero; Niloofar Peykari; Wan Zhu Zhang; Yuan Lu; Gretchen A. Stevens; Leanne M. Riley; Pascal Bovet; Paul Elliott; Dongfeng Gu; Nayu Ikeda; Rod T. Jackson; Michel Joffres; Andre Pascal Kengne; Tiina Laatikainen; Tai Hing Lam; Avula Laxmaiah; Jing Liu; J. Jaime Miranda; Charles K. Mondo; Hannelore K. Neuhauser; Johan Sundström; Liam Smeeth; Maroje Soric; Mark Woodward; Majid Ezzati; Leandra Abarca-Gomez; Ziad A. Abdeen; Hanan Abdul Rahim; Niveen M. Abu-Rmeileh; Benjamin Acosta-Cazares; Robert Adams; Wichai Aekplakorn; Kaosar Afsana; Carlos A. Aguilar-Salinas; Charles Agyemang; Alireza Ahmadvand; Wolfgang Ahrens; Rajaa Al Raddadi; Rihab Al Woyatan; Mohamed M. Ali; Ala'a Alkerwi; Eman Aly; Philippe Amouyel; Antoinette Amuzu; Lars Bo Andersen; Sigmund A. Anderssen; Lars Angquist; Ranjit Mohan Anjana; Daniel Ansong; Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri; Joana Araujo; Inger Ariansen; Tahir Aris; Nimmathota Arlappa; Krishna Aryal; Dominique Arveiler; Felix K. Assah; Maria Cecilia F. Assuncao; Maria Avdicova; Ana Azevedo; Fereidoun Azizi; Bontha V. Babu; Suhad Bahijri; Nagalla Balakrishna; Piotr Bandosz; Jose R. Banegas; Carlo M. Barbagallo; Alberto Barcelo; Amina Barkat; Aluisio J. D. Barros; Mauro V. Barros; Iqbal Bata; Anwar M. Batieha; Louise A. Baur; Robert Beaglehole; Habiba Ben Romdhane; Mikhail Benet; Lowell S. Benson; Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz; Gailute Bernotiene; Heloisa Bettiol; Aroor Bhagyalaxmi; Sumit Bharadwaj; Santosh K. Bhargava; Yufang Bi; Mukharram Bikbov; Peter Bjerregaard; Espen Bjertness; Cecilia Bjokelund; Anneke Blokstra; Simona Bo; Martin Bobak; Heiner Boeing; Jose G. Boggia; Carlos P. Boissonnet; Vanina Bongard; Lutgart Braeckman; Imperia Brajkovich; Francesco Branca; Juergen Breckenkamp; Hermann Brenner; Lizzy M. Brewster; Graziella Bruno; H. B. (as) Bueno-de-Mesquita; Anna Bugge; Con Burns; Michael Bursztyn; Antonio Cabrera de Leon; Christine Cameron; Gunay Can; Ana Paula C. Candido; Vincenzo Capuano; Viviane C. Cardoso; Axel C. Carlsson; Maria J. Carvalho; Felipe F. Casanueva; Juan-Pablo Casas; Carmelo A. Caserta; Snehalatha Chamukuttan; Angelique W. Chan; Queenie Chan; Himanshu K. Chaturvedi; Nishi Chaturvedi; Chien-Jen Chen; Fangfang Chen; Huashuai Chen; Shuohua Chen; Zhengming Chen; Ching-Yu Cheng; Imane Cherkaoui Dekkaki; Angela Chetrit; Arnaud Chiolero; Shu-Ti Chiou; Adela Chirita-Emandi; Belong Cho; Yumi Cho; Jerzy Chudek; Renata Cifkova; Frank Claessens; Els Clays; Hans Concin; Cyrus Cooper; Rachel Cooper; Tara C. Coppinger; Simona Costanzo; Dominique Cottel; Chris Cowell; Cora L. Craig; Ana B. Crujeiras; Juan J. Cruz; Graziella D'Arrigo; Eleonora d'Orsi; Jean Dallongeville; Albertino Damasceno; Rachel Dankner; Thomas M. Dantoft; Luc Dauchet; Guy De Backer; Giovanni de Gaetano; Stefaan De Henauw; Delphine De Smedt; Mohan Deepa; Abbas Dehghan; Helene Delisle; Valerie Deschamps; Klodian Dhana; Augusto F. Di Castelnuovo; Juvenal Soares Dias-da-Costa; Alejandro Diaz; Ty T. Dickerson; Ha T. P. Do; Annette J. Dobson; Chiara Donfrancesco; Silvana P. Donoso; Angela Doering; Kouamelan Doua; Wojciech Drygas; Virginija Dulskiene; Aleksandar Dzakula; Vilnis Dzerve; Elzbieta Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk; Robert Eggertsen; Ulf Ekelund; Jalila El Ati; Ute Ellert; Roberto Elosua; Rajiv T. Erasmus; Cihangir Erem; Louise Eriksen; Jorge Escobedo-de la Pena; Alun Evans; David Faeh; Caroline H. Fall; Farshad Farzadfar; Francisco J. Felix-Redondo; Trevor S. Ferguson; Daniel Fernandez-Berges; Daniel Ferrante; Marika Ferrari; Catterina Ferreccio; Jean Ferrieres; Joseph D. Finn; Krista Fischer; Bernhard Foeger; Leng Huat Foo; Ann-Sofie Forslund; Maria Forsner; Stephen P. Fortmann; Heba M. Fouad; Damian K. Francis; Maria do Carmo Franco; Oscar H. Franco; Guillermo Frontera; Flavio D. Fuchs; Sandra C. Fuchs; Yuki Fujita; Takuro Furusawa; Zbigniew Gaciong; Dickman Gareta; Sarah P. Garnett; Jean-Michel Gaspoz; Magda Gasull; Louise Gates; Diana Gavrila; Johanna M. Geleijnse; Anoosheh Ghasemian; Anup Ghimire; Simona Giampaoli; Francesco Gianfagna; Jonathan Giovannelli; Rebecca A. Goldsmith; Helen Goncalves; Marcela Gonzalez Gross; Juan P. Gonzalez Rivas; Frederic Gottrand; Sidsel Graff-Iversen; Dusan Grafnetter; Aneta Grajda; Ronald D. Gregor; Tomasz Grodzicki; Anders Grontved; Grabriella Gruden; Vera Grujic; Ong Peng Guan; Vilmundur Gudnason; Ramiro Guerrero; Idris Guessous; Andre L. Guimaraes; Martin C. Gulliford; Johanna Gunnlaugsdottir; Marc Gunter; Prakash C. Gupta; Oye Gureje; Beata Gurzkowska; Laura Gutierrez; Felix Gutzwiller; Farzad Hadaegh; Jytte Halkjaer; Ian R. Hambleton; Rebecca Hardy; Rachakulla Harikumar; Jun Hata; Alison J. Hayes; Jiang He; Marleen Elisabeth Hendriks; Ana Henriques; Leticia Hernandez Cadena; Herqutanto; Sauli Herrala; Ramin Heshmat; Ilpo Tapani Hihtaniemi; Sai Yin Ho; Suzanne C. Ho; Michael Hobbs; Albert Hofman; Gonul Horasan Dinc; Claudia M. Hormiga; Bernardo L. Horta; Leila Houti; Christina Howitt; Thein Thein Htay; Aung Soe Htet; Yonghua Hu; Jose Maria Huerta; Abdullatif S. Husseini; Inge Huybrechts; Nahla Hwalla; Licia Iacoviello; Anna G. Iannone; M. Mohsen Ibrahim; M. Arfan Ikram; Vilma E. Irazola; Muhammad Islam; Vanja Ivkovic; Masanori Iwasaki; Jeremy M. Jacobs; Tazeen Jafar; Konrad Jamrozik; Imre Janszky; Grazyna Jasienska; Bojan Jelakovic; Chao Qiang Jiang; Mattias Johansson; Jost B. Jonas; Torben Jorgensen; Pradeep Joshi; Anne Juolevi; Gregor Jurak; Vesna Juresa; Rudolf Kaaks; Anthony Kafatos; Ofra Kalter-Leibovici; Nor Azmi Kamaruddin; Amir Kasaeian; Joanne Katz; Jussi Kauhanen; Prabhdeep Kaur; Maryam Kavousi; Gyulli Kazakbaeva; Ulrich Keil; Lital Keinan Boker; Sirkka Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi; Roya Kelishadi; Han C. G. Kemper; Mathilde Kersting; Timothy Key; Yousef Saleh Khader; Davood Khalili; Young-Ho Khang; Kay-Tee Khaw; Stefan Kiechl; Japhet Killewo; Jeongseon Kim; Jurate Klumbiene; Elin Kolle; Patrick Kolsteren; Paul Korrovits; Seppo Koskinen; Katsuyasu Kouda; Slawomir Koziel; Peter Lund Kristensen; Steinar Krokstad; Daan Kromhout; Herculina S. Kruger; Ruzena Kubinova; Renata Kuciene; Diana Kuh; Urho M. Kujala; Krzysztof Kula; Zbigniew Kulaga; R. Krishna Kumar; Pawel Kurjata; Yadlapalli S. Kusuma; Kari Kuulasmaa; Catherine Kyobutungi; Carl Lachat; Orlando Landrove; Vera Lanska; Georg Lappas; Bagher Larijani; Lars E. Laugsand; Khanh Le Nguyen Bao; Tuyen D. Le; Catherine Leclercq; Jeannette Lee; Jeonghee Lee; Terho Lehtimaki; Rampal Lekhraj; Luz M. Leon-Munoz; Naomi S. Levitt; Yanping Li; Christa L. Lilly; Wei-Yen Lim; M. Fernanda Lima-Costa; Hsien-Ho Lin; Xu Lin; Allan Linneberg; Lauren Lissner; Mieczyslaw Litwin; Roberto Lorbeer; Paulo A. Lotufo; Jose Eugenio Lozano; Dalia Luksiene; Annamari Lundqvist; Nuno Lunet; Per Lytsy; Guansheng Ma; Jun Ma; George L. L. Machado-Coelho; Suka Machi; Stefania Maggi; Dianna J. Magliano; Marjeta Majer; Marcia Makdisse; Reza Malekzadeh; Rahul Malhotra; Kodavanti Mallikharjuna Rao; Sofia Malyutina; Yannis Manios; Jim I. Mann; Enzo Manzato; Paula Margozzini; Pedro Marques-Vidal; Jaume Marrugat; Reynaldo Martorell; Ellisiv B. Mathiesen; Alicia Matijasevich; Tandi E. Matsha; Jean Claude N. Mbanya; Anselmo J. Mc Donald Posso; Shelly R. McFarlane; Stephen T. McGarvey; Stela McLachlan; Rachael M. McLean; Breige A. McNulty; Amir Sharifuddin Md Khir; Sounnia Mediene-Benchekor; Jurate Medzioniene; Aline Meirhaeghe; Christa Meisinger; Ana Maria B. Menezes; Geetha R. Menon; Indrapal I. Meshram; Andres Metspalu; Jie Mi; Kairit Mikkel; Jody C. Miller; Juan Francisco Miquel; Marjeta Misigoj-Durakovic; Mostafa K. Mohamed; Kazem Mohammad; Noushin Mohammadifard; Viswanathan Mohan; Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff; Niels C. Moller; Denes Molnar; Amirabbas Momenan; Kotsedi Daniel K. Monyeki; Leila B. Moreira; Alain Morejon; Luis A. Moreno; Karen Morgan; George Moschonis; Malgorzata Mossakowska; Aya Mostafa; Jorge Mota; Mohammad Esmaeel Motlagh; Jorge Motta; Maria L. Muiesan; Martina Mueller-Nurasyid; Neil Murphy; Jaakko Mursu; Vera Musil; Gabriele Nagel; Balkish M. Naidu; Harunobu Nakamura; Jana Namsna; Ei Ei K. Nang; Vinay B. Nangia; Sameer Narake; Eva Maria Navarrete-Munoz; Ndeye Coumba Ndiaye; William A. Neal; Ilona Nenko; Flavio Nervi; Nguyen D. Nguyen; Quang Ngoc Nguyen; Ramfis E. Nieto-Martinez; Teemu J. Niiranen; Guang Ning; Toshiharu Ninomiya; Sania Nishtar; Marianna Noale; Oscar A. Noboa; Ahmad Ali Noorbala; Teresa Norat; Davide Noto; Mohannad Al Nsour; Dermot O'Reilly; Kyungwon Oh; Maria Teresa A. Olinto; Isabel O. Oliveira; Mohd Azahadi Omar; Altan Onat; Pedro Ordunez; Clive Osmond; Sergej M. Ostojic; Johanna A. Otero; Kim Overvad; Ellis Owusu-Dabo; Fred Michel Paccaud; Cristina Padez; Elena Pahomova; Andrzej Pajak; Domenico Palli; Luigi Palmieri; Songhomitra Panda-Jonas; Francesco Panza; Dimitrios Papandreou; Winsome R. Parnell; Mahboubeh Parsaeian; Ivan Pecin; Mangesh S. Pednekar; Nasheeta Peer; Petra H. Peeters; Sergio Viana Peixoto; Catherine Pelletier; Markku Peltonen; Alexandre C. Pereira; Rosa Marina Perez; Annette Peters; Janina Petkeviciene; Son Thai Pham; Iris Pigeot; Hynek Pikhart; Aida Pilav; Lorenza Pilotto; Freda Pitakaka; Pedro Plans-Rubio; Maria Polakowska; Ozren Polasek; Miquel Porta; Marileen L. P. Portegies; Akram Pourshams; Rajendra Pradeepa; Mathur Prashant; Jacqueline F. Price; Maria Puiu; Margus Punab; Radwan F. Qasrawi; Mostafa Qorbani; Ivana Radic; Ricardas Radisauskas; Mahfuzar Rahman; Olli Raitakari; Manu Raj; Sudha Ramachandra Rao; Elisabete Ramos; Sanjay Rampal; Daniel A. Rangel Reina; Finn Rasmussen; Josep Redon; Paul Ferdinand M. Reganit; Robespierre Ribeiro; Elio Riboli; Fernando Rigo; Tobias F. Rinke de Wit; Raphael M. Ritti-Dias; Sian M. Robinson; Cynthia Robitaille; Fernando Rodriguez-Artalejo; Laura A. Rodriguez-Villamizar; Rosalba Rojas-Martinez; Annika Rosengren; Adolfo Rubinstein; Ornelas Rui; Blanca Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt; Andrea R. V. Russo Horimoto; Marcin Rutkowski; Charumathi Sabanayagam; Harshpal S. Sachdev; Olfa Saidi; Sibel Sakarya; Benoit Salanave; Eduardo Salazar Martinez; Diego Salmeron; Veikko Salomaa; Jukka T. Salonen; Massimo Salvetti; Jose Sanchez-Abanto; Susana Sans; Diana Santos; Ina S. Santos; Renata Nunes dos Santos; Rute Santos; Jouko L. Saramies; Luis B. Sardinha; Giselle Sarganas Margolis; Nizal Sarrafzadegan; Kai-Uwe Saum; Savvas C. Savva; Marcia Scazufca; Herman Schargrodsky; Ione J. Schneider; Constance Schultsz; Aletta E. Schutte; Abhijit Sen; Idowu O. Senbanjo; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Sanjib K. Sharma; Jonathan E. Shaw; Kenji Shibuya; Dong Wook Shin; Youchan Shin; Rosalynn Siantar; Abla M. Sibai; Diego Augusto Santos Silva; Mary Simon; Judith Simons; Leon A. Simons; Michael Sjotrom; Sine Skovbjerg; Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer; Przemyslaw Slusarczyk; Margaret C. Smith; Marieke B. Snijder; Hung-Kwan So; Eugene Sobngwi; Stefan Soderberg; Vincenzo Solfrizzi; Emily Sonestedt; Yi Song; Thorkild I. A. Sorensen; Charles Sossa Jerome; Aicha Soumare; Jan A. Staessen; Gregor Starc; Maria G. Stathopoulou; Bill Stavreski; Jostein Steene-Johannessen; Peter Stehle; Aryeh D. Stein; George S. Stergiou; Jochanan Stessman; Jutta Stieber; Doris Stoeckl; Tanja Stocks; Jakub Stokwiszewski; Karien Stronks; Maria Wany Strufaldi; Chien-An Sun; Yn-Tz Sung; Paibul Suriyawongpaisal; Rody G. Sy; E. Shyong Tai; Mari-Liis Tammesoo; Abdonas Tamosiunas; Line Tang; Xun Tang; Frank Tanser; Yong Tao; Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh; Carolina B. Tarqui-Mamani; Anne Taylor; Holger Theobald; Lutgarde Thijs; Betina H. Thuesen; Anne Tjonneland; Hanna K. Tolonen; Murat Topbas; Roman Topor-Madry; Maria Jose Tormo; Maties Torrent; Pierre Traissac; Dimitrios Trichopoulos; Antonia Trichopoulou; Oanh T. H. Trinh; Atul Trivedi; Lechaba Tshepo; Marshall K. Tulloch-Reid; Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen; Maria L. Turley; Per Tynelius; Christophe Tzourio; Peter Ueda; Eunice Ugel; Hanno Ulmer; Hannu M. T. Uusitalo; Gonzalo Valdivia; Damaskini Valvi; Yvonne T. van der Schouw; Koen Van Herck; Lenie van Rossem; Irene G. M. van Valkengoed; Dirk Vanderschueren; Diego Vanuzzo; Lars Vatten; Tomas Vega; Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez; Giovanni Veronesi; W. M. Monique Verschuren; Roosmarijn Verstraeten; Cesar G. Victora; Lucie Viet; Eira Viikari-Juntura; Paolo Vineis; Jesus Vioque; Jyrki K. Virtanen; Sophie Visvikis-Siest; Bharathi Viswanathan; Peter Vollenweider; Ana Vrdoljak; Martine Vrijheid; Alisha N. Wade; Aline Wagner; Janette Walton; Wan Nazaimoon Wan Mohamud; Ming-Dong Wang; Qian Wang; Ya Xing Wang; S. Goya Wannamethee; Nicholas Wareham; Niels Wederkopp; Deepa Weerasekera; Peter H. Whincup; Kurt Widhalm; Indah S. Widyahening; Andrzej Wiecek; Alet H. Wijga; Rainford J. Wilks; Peter Willeit; Emmanuel A. Williams; Tom Wilsgaard; Bogdan Wojtyniak; Tien Yin Wong; Roy A. Wong-McClure; Jean Woo; Aleksander Giwercman Wu; Frederick C. Wu; Shou Ling Wu; Haiquan Xu; Weili Yan; Xiaoguang Yang; Xingwang Ye; Panayiotis K. Yiallouros; Akihiro Yoshihara; Novie O. Younger-Coleman; Ahmad F. Yusoff; Sabina Zambon; Tomasz Zdrojewski; Yi Zeng; Dong Zhao; Wenhua Zhao; Yingffeng Zheng; Dan Zhu; Esther Zimmermann; Julio Zuniga Cisneros; NCD Risk Factor Collaboration

doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31919-5

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Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19.1 million participants

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Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19.1 million participants

Bin Zhou, James Bentham, Mariachiara Di Cesare, Honor Bixby, Goodarz Danaei, Melanie J. Cowan, Christopher J. Paciorek, Gitanjali Singh, Kaveh Hajifathalian, James E. Bennett, …

The Lancet (British edition), Vol.389(10064), pp.37-55

2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31919-5

PMID: 27863813

Abstract

Allmänmedicin

Clinical Medicine

General Practice

Klinisk medicin

Medical and Health Sciences

Medicin och hälsovetenskap

Background Raised blood pressure is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney disease. We estimated worldwide trends in mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure, and the prevalence of, and number of people with, raised blood pressure, defined as systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher or diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher. Methods For this analysis, we pooled national, subnational, or community population-based studies that had measured blood pressure in adults aged 18 years and older. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1975 to 2015 in mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure, and the prevalence of raised blood pressure for 200 countries. We calculated the contributions of changes in prevalence versus population growth and ageing to the increase in the number of adults with raised blood pressure. Findings We pooled 1479 studies that had measured the blood pressures of 19.1 million adults. Global age-standardised mean systolic blood pressure in 2015 was 127.0 mm Hg (95% credible interval 125.7-128.3) in men and 122.3 mm Hg (121.0-123.6) in women; age-standardised mean diastolic blood pressure was 78.7 mm Hg (77.9-79.5) for men and 76.7 mm Hg (75.9-77.6) for women. Global age-standardised prevalence of raised blood pressure was 24.1% (21.4-27.1) in men and 20.1% (17.8-22.5) in women in 2015. Mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure decreased substantially from 1975 to 2015 in high-income western and Asia Pacific countries, moving these countries from having some of the highest worldwide blood pressure in 1975 to the lowest in 2015. Mean blood pressure also decreased in women in central and eastern Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, and, more recently, central Asia, Middle East, and north Africa, but the estimated trends in these super-regions had larger uncertainty than in high-income super-regions. By contrast, mean blood pressure might have increased in east and southeast Asia, south Asia, Oceania, and sub-Saharan Africa. In 2015, central and eastern Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, and south Asia had the highest blood pressure levels. Prevalence of raised blood pressure decreased in high-income and some middle-income countries; it remained unchanged elsewhere. The number of adults with raised blood pressure increased from 594 million in 1975 to 1.13 billion in 2015, with the increase largely in low-income and middle-income countries. The global increase in the number of adults with raised blood pressure is a net effect of increase due to population growth and ageing, and decrease due to declining age-specific prevalence. Interpretation During the past four decades, the highest worldwide blood pressure levels have shifted from high-income countries to low-income countries in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa due to opposite trends, while blood pressure has been persistently high in central and eastern Europe. Funding Wellcome Trust.

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Title: Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015
Creators - without role: Bin Zhou - Imperial Coll London, London W2 1PG, England
James Bentham - Imperial Coll London, London W2 1PG, England
Mariachiara Di Cesare - Middlesex Univ, London N17 8HR, England
Honor Bixby - Imperial Coll London, London W2 1PG, England
Goodarz Danaei - Supreme Council Of Health
Melanie J. Cowan - WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
Christopher J. Paciorek - Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
Gitanjali Singh - Tufts University
Kaveh Hajifathalian - Supreme Council Of Health
James E. Bennett - Imperial Coll London, London W2 1PG, England
Cristina Taddei - Imperial Coll London, London W2 1PG, England
Ver Bilano - Imperial Coll London, London W2 1PG, England
Rodrigo M. Carrillo-Larco - Univ Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
Shirin Djalalinia
Shahab Khatibzadeh - Brandeis University
Charles Lugero - Mulago Hosp, Kampala, Uganda
Niloofar Peykari
Wan Zhu Zhang - Mulago Hosp, Kampala, Uganda
Yuan Lu - University of New Haven
Gretchen A. Stevens - WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
Leanne M. Riley - WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
Pascal Bovet
Paul Elliott - Imperial Coll London, London W2 1PG, England
Dongfeng Gu
Nayu Ikeda - Natl Inst Hlth & Nutr, Tokyo, Japan
Rod T. Jackson - University of Auckland
Michel Joffres - Simon Fraser University
Andre Pascal Kengne - College Station Medical Center
Tiina Laatikainen - Natl Inst Hlth & Welf, Helsinki, Finland
Tai Hing Lam - University of Hong Kong
Avula Laxmaiah - Natl Inst Nutr, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
Jing Liu - College Station Medical Center
J. Jaime Miranda - Univ Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
Charles K. Mondo - Mulago Hosp, Kampala, Uganda
Hannelore K. Neuhauser - Robert Koch Institute
Johan Sundström - Institutionen för folkhälso- och vårdvetenskap
Liam Smeeth - Supreme Council Of Health
Maroje Soric - University of Zagreb
Mark Woodward - University of Sydney
Majid Ezzati - Imperial Coll London, London W2 1PG, England
Leandra Abarca-Gomez - Caja Costarricense Seguro Social, San Jose, Costa Rica
Ziad A. Abdeen - Al-Quds University
Hanan Abdul Rahim - Qatar University
Niveen M. Abu-Rmeileh - Birzeit University
Benjamin Acosta-Cazares - Inst Mexicano Seguro Social, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
Robert Adams - University of Adelaide
Wichai Aekplakorn - Mahidol University
Kaosar Afsana - BRAC
Carlos A. Aguilar-Salinas - College Station Medical Center
Charles Agyemang - University of Amsterdam
Alireza Ahmadvand - Noncommunicable Dis Res Ctr, Shiraz, Iran
Wolfgang Ahrens - Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epi, Bremen, Germany
Rajaa Al Raddadi - Minist Hlth, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Rihab Al Woyatan - Minist Hlth, Kuwait, Kuwait
Mohamed M. Ali - WHO, Reg Off Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
Ala'a Alkerwi - Luxembourg Inst Hlth, Strassen, Luxembourg
Eman Aly - WHO, Reg Off Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
Philippe Amouyel - Lille Univ & Hosp, Lille, France
Antoinette Amuzu - Supreme Council Of Health
Lars Bo Andersen - Sogn & Fjordane Univ Coll, Forde, Norway
Sigmund A. Anderssen - Supreme Council Of Health
Lars Angquist
Ranjit Mohan Anjana - Madras Diabet Res Fdn, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
Daniel Ansong - Komfo Anokye Teaching Hosp, Kumasi, Ghana
Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Tunis, Tunisia
Joana Araujo - Universidade do Porto
Inger Ariansen - Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth, Oslo, Norway
Tahir Aris - Minist Hlth Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
Nimmathota Arlappa - Natl Inst Nutr, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
Krishna Aryal - Nepal Hlth Res Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
Dominique Arveiler - Strasbourg Univ & Hosp, Strasbourg, France
Felix K. Assah - Univ Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
Maria Cecilia F. Assuncao - Univ Fed Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
Maria Avdicova - Reg Author Publ Hlth, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
Ana Azevedo - Universidade do Porto
Fereidoun Azizi - Shahid Beheshti University
Bontha V. Babu - College Station Medical Center
Suhad Bahijri - King Abdulaziz University
Nagalla Balakrishna - Natl Inst Nutr, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
Piotr Bandosz - University of Gdańsk
Jose R. Banegas - Univ Autonoma Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
Carlo M. Barbagallo - Univ Palermo, I-90133 Palermo, Italy
Alberto Barcelo - Pan Amer Hlth Org, Washington, DC USA
Amina Barkat - Univ Mohammed V Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
Aluisio J. D. Barros
Mauro V. Barros - Univ Fed Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
Iqbal Bata - Dalhousie University
Anwar M. Batieha - Jordan Univ Sci & Technol, Irbid, Jordan
Louise A. Baur - University of Sydney
Robert Beaglehole - University of Auckland
Habiba Ben Romdhane - Univ Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
Mikhail Benet - College Station Medical Center
Lowell S. Benson - University of Utah
Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz - Univ Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
Gailute Bernotiene - Lithuanian Univ Hlth Sci, Kaunas, Lithuania
Heloisa Bettiol - Univ Sao Paulo, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil
Aroor Bhagyalaxmi - College Station Medical Center
Sumit Bharadwaj - College Station Medical Center
Santosh K. Bhargava - SL Jain Hosp, Delhi, India
Yufang Bi - Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Mukharram Bikbov - Ufa Eye Research Institute
Peter Bjerregaard
Espen Bjertness - University of Oslo
Cecilia Bjokelund - Gothenburg Univ, S-41124 Gothenburg, Sweden
Anneke Blokstra - Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Bilthoven, Netherlands
Simona Bo - University of Turin
Martin Bobak - UCL, London WC1E 6BT, England
Heiner Boeing - German Inst Human Nutr, Nuthetal, Germany
Jose G. Boggia - Univ Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
Carlos P. Boissonnet - CEMIC, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina
Vanina Bongard - Supreme Council Of Health
Lutgart Braeckman - Univ Ghent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
Imperia Brajkovich - Cent Univ Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
Francesco Branca - WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
Juergen Breckenkamp - Univ Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
Hermann Brenner - Heidelberg
Lizzy M. Brewster - University of Amsterdam
Graziella Bruno - University of Turin
H. B. (as) Bueno-de-Mesquita - Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Bilthoven, Netherlands
Anna Bugge - University of Southern Denmark
Con Burns - Cork Inst Technol, Cork, Ireland
Michael Bursztyn - Hadassah
Antonio Cabrera de Leon - Universidad de La Laguna
Christine Cameron - Canadian Fitness & Lifestyle Res Inst, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Gunay Can - Istanbul University
Ana Paula C. Candido - Univ Fed Juiz de Fora, Juiz De Fora, Brazil
Vincenzo Capuano - Cardiol Mercato S Severino, Mercato San Severino, Italy
Viviane C. Cardoso - Univ Sao Paulo, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil
Axel C. Carlsson - Karolinska Institutet
Maria J. Carvalho - Universidade do Porto
Felipe F. Casanueva - Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
Juan-Pablo Casas - UCL, London WC1E 6BT, England
Carmelo A. Caserta - Assoc Calabrese Epatol, Reggio Di Calabria, Italy
Snehalatha Chamukuttan - India Diabet Res Fdn, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
Angelique W. Chan - Duke-NUS Medical School
Queenie Chan - Imperial Coll London, London W2 1PG, England
Himanshu K. Chaturvedi - College Station Medical Center
Nishi Chaturvedi - UCL, London WC1E 6BT, England
Chien-Jen Chen - Acad Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
Fangfang Chen - Capital University
Huashuai Chen - Duke University
Shuohua Chen - Kailuan Gen Hosp, Tangshan, Peoples R China
Zhengming Chen - University of Oxford
Ching-Yu Cheng - Duke-NUS Medical School
Imane Cherkaoui Dekkaki - Univ Mohammed V Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
Angela Chetrit - Gertner Inst Epidemiol & Hlth Policy Res, Tel Hashomer, Israel
Arnaud Chiolero - University of Lausanne
Shu-Ti Chiou - Minist Hlth & Welf, Taipei, Taiwan
Adela Chirita-Emandi - Victor
Belong Cho - College Station Medical Center
Yumi Cho - Korea Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cheongju, South Korea
Jerzy Chudek - University of Silesia
Renata Cifkova - Charles University
Frank Claessens - KU Leuven
Els Clays - Univ Ghent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
Hans Concin - College Station Medical Center
Cyrus Cooper - University of Southampton
Rachel Cooper - UCL, London WC1E 6BT, England
Tara C. Coppinger - Cork Inst Technol, Cork, Ireland
Simona Costanzo - IRCCS Ist Neurol Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
Dominique Cottel - Pasteur Institute of Lille
Chris Cowell - University of Sydney
Cora L. Craig - Canadian Fitness & Lifestyle Res Inst, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Ana B. Crujeiras - Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition
Juan J. Cruz - Univ Autonoma Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
Graziella D'Arrigo - CNR, Rome, Italy
Eleonora d'Orsi - Univ Fed Santa Catarina, BR-88040900 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
Jean Dallongeville - Pasteur Institute of Lille
Albertino Damasceno - Eduardo Mondlane University
Rachel Dankner - Gertner Inst Epidemiol & Hlth Policy Res, Tel Hashomer, Israel
Thomas M. Dantoft - Res Ctr Prevent & Hlth, Glostrup, Denmark
Luc Dauchet
Guy De Backer - Univ Ghent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
Giovanni de Gaetano - IRCCS Ist Neurol Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
Stefaan De Henauw - Univ Ghent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
Delphine De Smedt - Univ Ghent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
Mohan Deepa - Madras Diabet Res Fdn, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
Abbas Dehghan
Helene Delisle - Univ Montreal, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada
Valerie Deschamps - French Publ Hlth Agcy, St Maurice, France
Klodian Dhana - Erasmus MC
Augusto F. Di Castelnuovo - IRCCS Ist Neurol Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
Juvenal Soares Dias-da-Costa - Univ Vale Rio dos Sinos, Sao Leopoldo, RS, Brazil
Alejandro Diaz - Natl Council Sci & Tech Res, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina
Ty T. Dickerson - University of Utah
Ha T. P. Do - Natl Inst Nutr, Hanoi, Vietnam
Annette J. Dobson - University of Queensland
Chiara Donfrancesco - Ist Super Sanita, Rome, Italy
Silvana P. Donoso - University of Cuenca
Angela Doering - Helmholtz Zentrum München
Kouamelan Doua - Minist Sante & Lutte Sida, Abidjan Plateau, Cote Ivoire
Wojciech Drygas - Cardinal Wyszynski Inst Cardiol, Warsaw, Poland
Virginija Dulskiene - Lithuanian Univ Hlth Sci, Kaunas, Lithuania
Aleksandar Dzakula - University of Zagreb
Vilnis Dzerve - University of Latvia
Elzbieta Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk - College Station Medical Center
Robert Eggertsen - Gothenburg Univ, S-41124 Gothenburg, Sweden
Ulf Ekelund - Supreme Council Of Health
Jalila El Ati - Natl Inst Nutr & Food Technol, Tunis, Tunisia
Ute Ellert - Robert Koch Institute
Roberto Elosua - College Station Medical Center
Rajiv T. Erasmus - Stellenbosch University
Cihangir Erem - Karadeniz Tech Univ, Trabzon, Turkey
Louise Eriksen - University of Southern Denmark
Jorge Escobedo-de la Pena - Inst Mexicano Seguro Social, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
Alun Evans - Queens University
David Faeh - University of Zurich
Caroline H. Fall - University of Southampton
Farshad Farzadfar - University of Tehran
Francisco J. Felix-Redondo - Ctr Salud Villanueva Norte, Villanueva De La Serena, Spain
Trevor S. Ferguson - University of the West Indies
Daniel Fernandez-Berges - Hosp Don Benito Villanueva Serena, Badajoz, Spain
Daniel Ferrante - Minist Hlth, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina
Marika Ferrari - Council Agr Res & Econ, Arezzo, Italy
Catterina Ferreccio - Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Santiago, Chile
Jean Ferrieres - Supreme Council Of Health
Joseph D. Finn - University of Manchester
Krista Fischer - University of Tartu
Bernhard Foeger - College Station Medical Center
Leng Huat Foo - George Institute for Global Health
Ann-Sofie Forslund - Umeå University
Maria Forsner - Dalarna University
Stephen P. Fortmann - Stanford University
Heba M. Fouad - WHO, Reg Off Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
Damian K. Francis - Univ West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
Maria do Carmo Franco - Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Oscar H. Franco - Erasmus MC
Guillermo Frontera - Hosp Univ Son Espases, Palma De Mallorca, Spain
Flavio D. Fuchs - Hosp Clin Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
Sandra C. Fuchs - Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, BR-90046900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
Yuki Fujita - Kindai University
Takuro Furusawa - Kyoto University
Zbigniew Gaciong - University of Warsaw
Dickman Gareta - University of KwaZulu-Natal
Sarah P. Garnett - University of Sydney
Jean-Michel Gaspoz - Univ Hosp Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Magda Gasull - CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ, Madrid, Spain
Louise Gates - ACT
Diana Gavrila - Murcia Reg Hlth Council, Murcia, Spain
Johanna M. Geleijnse - Wageningen Univ, NL-6700 AP Wageningen, Netherlands
Anoosheh Ghasemian
Anup Ghimire - BP Koirala Inst Hlth Sci, Dharan, Nepal
Simona Giampaoli - Ist Super Sanita, Rome, Italy
Francesco Gianfagna - University of Insubria
Jonathan Giovannelli - Lille Univ & Hosp, Lille, France
Rebecca A. Goldsmith - Minist Hlth, Jerusalem, Israel
Helen Goncalves - Univ Fed Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
Marcela Gonzalez Gross - Univ Autonoma Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
Juan P. Gonzalez Rivas - Andes Clin Cardiometab Studies, Timotes, Venezuela
Frederic Gottrand - Univ Lille 2, F-59800 Lille, France
Sidsel Graff-Iversen - Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth, Oslo, Norway
Dusan Grafnetter - College Station Medical Center
Aneta Grajda - Mécanique et Engrenage Moderne
Ronald D. Gregor - Dalhousie University
Tomasz Grodzicki - Jagiellonian University
Anders Grontved - University of Southern Denmark
Grabriella Gruden - University of Turin
Vera Grujic - University of Novi Sad
Ong Peng Guan - Singapore Eye Research Institute
Vilmundur Gudnason - University of Iceland
Ramiro Guerrero - Univ Icesi, Cali, Colombia
Idris Guessous - Univ Hosp Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Andre L. Guimaraes - Univ Estadual Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Brazil
Martin C. Gulliford - Kings Coll London, London WC2R 2LS, England
Johanna Gunnlaugsdottir - Iceland Heart Assoc, Kopavogur, Iceland
Marc Gunter - Imperial Coll London, London W2 1PG, England
Prakash C. Gupta - Healis Sekhsaria Inst Publ Hlth, Navi Mumbai, India
Oye Gureje - University of Ibadan
Beata Gurzkowska - Mécanique et Engrenage Moderne
Laura Gutierrez - Inst Clin Effectiveness & Hlth Policy, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina
Felix Gutzwiller - University of Zurich
Farzad Hadaegh - Shahid Beheshti University
Jytte Halkjaer - Danish Canc Soc, Res Ctr, Copenhagen, Denmark
Ian R. Hambleton - Univ West Indies, Wanstead, Barbados
Rebecca Hardy - UCL, London WC1E 6BT, England
Rachakulla Harikumar - Natl Inst Nutr, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
Jun Hata - Kyushu University
Alison J. Hayes - University of Sydney
Jiang He - University of New Orleans
Marleen Elisabeth Hendriks - College Station Medical Center
Ana Henriques - Universidade do Porto
Leticia Hernandez Cadena - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Herqutanto
Sauli Herrala - Oulu Univ Hosp, Oulu, Finland
Ramin Heshmat - Chron Dis Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Ilpo Tapani Hihtaniemi - Imperial Coll London, London W2 1PG, England
Sai Yin Ho - University of Hong Kong
Suzanne C. Ho - Chinese University of Hong Kong
Michael Hobbs - University of Western Australia
Albert Hofman - Erasmus MC
Gonul Horasan Dinc - Manisa Celal Bayar University
Claudia M. Hormiga - Fdn Oftalmol Santander, Floridablanca, Santander, Spain
Bernardo L. Horta - Univ Fed Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
Leila Houti - Université Oran 1 Ahmed Ben Bella
Christina Howitt - Univ West Indies, Wanstead, Barbados
Thein Thein Htay - Univ Publ Hlth, Yangon, Myanmar
Aung Soe Htet - Minist Hlth, Naypyitaw, Myanmar
Yonghua Hu - Peking University
Jose Maria Huerta - CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ, Madrid, Spain
Abdullatif S. Husseini - Birzeit University
Inge Huybrechts - Int Agcy Res Canc, Lyon, France
Nahla Hwalla - Amer Univ Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
Licia Iacoviello - IRCCS Ist Neurol Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
Anna G. Iannone - Cardiol Mercato S Severino, Mercato San Severino, Italy
M. Mohsen Ibrahim - Cairo University
M. Arfan Ikram - Erasmus MC
Vilma E. Irazola - Inst Clin Effectiveness & Hlth Policy, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina
Muhammad Islam - Aga Khan Univ, Karachi, Pakistan
Vanja Ivkovic - UHC Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Masanori Iwasaki - Niigata University
Jeremy M. Jacobs - Hadassah
Tazeen Jafar - Duke-NUS Medical School
Konrad Jamrozik - University of Adelaide
Imre Janszky - Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Trondheim, Norway
Grazyna Jasienska - Jagiellonian University
Bojan Jelakovic - University of Zagreb
Chao Qiang Jiang - Guangzhou 12th Hosp, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China
Mattias Johansson - Int Agcy Res Canc, Lyon, France
Jost B. Jonas - Heidelberg University
Torben Jorgensen - Res Ctr Prevent & Hlth, Glostrup, Denmark
Pradeep Joshi - WHO, Country Off, New Delhi, India
Anne Juolevi - Natl Inst Hlth & Welf, Helsinki, Finland
Gregor Jurak - University of Ljubljana
Vesna Juresa - University of Zagreb
Rudolf Kaaks - Heidelberg
Anthony Kafatos - University of Crete
Ofra Kalter-Leibovici - Gertner Inst Epidemiol & Hlth Policy Res, Tel Hashomer, Israel
Nor Azmi Kamaruddin - Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
Amir Kasaeian - University of Tehran
Joanne Katz - Supreme Council Of Health
Jussi Kauhanen - University of Eastern Finland
Prabhdeep Kaur - Natl Inst Epidemiol, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
Maryam Kavousi - Erasmus MC
Gyulli Kazakbaeva - Ufa Eye Research Institute
Ulrich Keil - University of Münster
Lital Keinan Boker - Israel Ctr Dis Control, Jerusalem, Israel
Sirkka Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi - Oulu Univ Hosp, Oulu, Finland
Roya Kelishadi - Res Inst Primordial Prevent Noncommunicable Dis, Esfahan, Iran
Han C. G. Kemper - University of Amsterdam
Mathilde Kersting - Res Inst Child Nutr, Dortmund, Germany
Timothy Key - University of Oxford
Yousef Saleh Khader - Jordan Univ Sci & Technol, Irbid, Jordan
Davood Khalili - Shahid Beheshti University
Young-Ho Khang - University of Seoul
Kay-Tee Khaw - University of Cambridge
Stefan Kiechl - College Station Medical Center
Japhet Killewo - Muhimbili Univ Hlth & Allied Sci, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
Jeongseon Kim - Swedish Institute
Jurate Klumbiene - Lithuanian Univ Hlth Sci, Kaunas, Lithuania
Elin Kolle - Supreme Council Of Health
Patrick Kolsteren - College Station Medical Center
Paul Korrovits - Tartu Univ Clin, Tartu, Estonia
Seppo Koskinen - Natl Inst Hlth & Welf, Helsinki, Finland
Katsuyasu Kouda - Kindai University
Slawomir Koziel - Polish Acad Sci, Anthropol Unit, Warsaw, Poland
Peter Lund Kristensen - University of Southern Denmark
Steinar Krokstad - Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Trondheim, Norway
Daan Kromhout - University of Groningen
Herculina S. Kruger - North West Univ, Potchefstroom, South Africa
Ruzena Kubinova - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Prague, Czech Republic
Renata Kuciene - Lithuanian Univ Hlth Sci, Kaunas, Lithuania
Diana Kuh - UCL, London WC1E 6BT, England
Urho M. Kujala - University of Jyväskylä
Krzysztof Kula - College Station Medical Center
Zbigniew Kulaga - Mécanique et Engrenage Moderne
R. Krishna Kumar - College Station Medical Center
Pawel Kurjata - Cardinal Wyszynski Inst Cardiol, Warsaw, Poland
Yadlapalli S. Kusuma - College Station Medical Center
Kari Kuulasmaa - Natl Inst Hlth & Welf, Helsinki, Finland
Catherine Kyobutungi - African Populat & Hlth Res Ctr, Nairobi, Kenya
Carl Lachat - Univ Ghent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
Orlando Landrove - Minist Salud Publ, Havana, Cuba
Vera Lanska - College Station Medical Center
Georg Lappas - Sahlgrens Acad, Gothenburg, Sweden
Bagher Larijani - Endocrinol & Metab Res Inst, Tehran, Iran
Lars E. Laugsand - Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Trondheim, Norway
Khanh Le Nguyen Bao
Tuyen D. Le - Natl Inst Nutr, Hanoi, Vietnam
Catherine Leclercq - Food & Agr Org, Rome, Italy
Jeannette Lee - Natl Univ Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Jeonghee Lee - Swedish Institute
Terho Lehtimaki - Tampere University
Rampal Lekhraj - Univ Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
Luz M. Leon-Munoz - Univ Autonoma Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
Naomi S. Levitt - University of Cape Town
Yanping Li - Supreme Council Of Health
Christa L. Lilly - W Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
Wei-Yen Lim - Natl Univ Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
M. Fernanda Lima-Costa
Hsien-Ho Lin - University of Taipei
Xu Lin - Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China
Allan Linneberg - Res Ctr Prevent & Hlth, Glostrup, Denmark
Lauren Lissner - Gothenburg Univ, S-41124 Gothenburg, Sweden
Mieczyslaw Litwin - Mécanique et Engrenage Moderne
Roberto Lorbeer - College Station Medical Center
Paulo A. Lotufo - Univ Sao Paulo, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil
Jose Eugenio Lozano - Consejeria Sanidad Junta de Castilla & Leon, Valladolid, Spain
Dalia Luksiene - Lithuanian Univ Hlth Sci, Kaunas, Lithuania
Annamari Lundqvist
Nuno Lunet - Universidade do Porto
Per Lytsy - Institutionen för medicinska vetenskaper
Guansheng Ma - Peking University
Jun Ma - Peking University
George L. L. Machado-Coelho - Univ Fed Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
Suka Machi - Supreme Council Of Health
Stefania Maggi - CNR, Rome, Italy
Dianna J. Magliano - Baker IDI Heart & Diabet Inst, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Marjeta Majer - University of Zagreb
Marcia Makdisse - Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Reza Malekzadeh - University of Tehran
Rahul Malhotra - Duke-NUS Medical School
Kodavanti Mallikharjuna Rao - Natl Inst Nutr, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
Sofia Malyutina - College Station Medical Center
Yannis Manios - Harokopio University of Athens
Jim I. Mann - University of Otago
Enzo Manzato - University of Padua
Paula Margozzini - Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Santiago, Chile
Pedro Marques-Vidal - University of Lausanne
Jaume Marrugat
Reynaldo Martorell - Emory University
Ellisiv B. Mathiesen - UiT The Arctic University of Norway
Alicia Matijasevich - Univ Sao Paulo, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil
Tandi E. Matsha - Cape Peninsula University of Technology
Jean Claude N. Mbanya - Univ Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
Anselmo J. Mc Donald Posso - Mécanique et Engrenage Moderne
Shelly R. McFarlane - Univ West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
Stephen T. McGarvey - Brown University
Stela McLachlan - University of Edinburgh
Rachael M. McLean - University of Otago
Breige A. McNulty - Univ Coll Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
Amir Sharifuddin Md Khir - College Station Medical Center
Sounnia Mediene-Benchekor - Université Oran 1 Ahmed Ben Bella
Jurate Medzioniene - Lithuanian Univ Hlth Sci, Kaunas, Lithuania
Aline Meirhaeghe - Inserm
Christa Meisinger - Helmholtz Zentrum München
Ana Maria B. Menezes - Univ Fed Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
Geetha R. Menon - College Station Medical Center
Indrapal I. Meshram - Natl Inst Nutr, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
Andres Metspalu - University of Tartu
Jie Mi - Capital University
Kairit Mikkel - University of Tartu
Jody C. Miller - University of Otago
Juan Francisco Miquel - Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Santiago, Chile
J. Jaime Miranda - Univ Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
Marjeta Misigoj-Durakovic - University of Zagreb
Mostafa K. Mohamed - Ain Shams University
Kazem Mohammad - University of Tehran
Noushin Mohammadifard - Hypertens Res Ctr, Esfahan, Iran
Viswanathan Mohan - Madras Diabet Res Fdn, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff
Niels C. Moller - University of Southern Denmark
Denes Molnar - University of Pecs
Amirabbas Momenan - Shahid Beheshti University
Kotsedi Daniel K. Monyeki - University of Limpopo
Leila B. Moreira - Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, BR-90046900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
Alain Morejon
Luis A. Moreno - Universidad de Zaragoza
Karen Morgan - RCSI Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
George Moschonis - Harokopio University of Athens
Malgorzata Mossakowska - Int Inst Mol & Cell Biol, Warsaw, Poland
Aya Mostafa - Ain Shams University
Jorge Mota - Universidade do Porto
Mohammad Esmaeel Motlagh - College Station Medical Center
Jorge Motta - Mécanique et Engrenage Moderne
Maria L. Muiesan - University of Brescia
Martina Mueller-Nurasyid
Neil Murphy - Imperial Coll London, London W2 1PG, England
Jaakko Mursu - University of Eastern Finland
Vera Musil - University of Zagreb
Gabriele Nagel - University of Ulm
Balkish M. Naidu - Inst Publ Hlth, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Harunobu Nakamura - Kobe University
Jana Namsna - Reg Author Publ Hlth, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
Ei Ei K. Nang - Natl Univ Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Vinay B. Nangia - Suraj Eye Institute
Sameer Narake - Healis Sekhsaria Inst Publ Hlth, Navi Mumbai, India
Eva Maria Navarrete-Munoz - CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ, Madrid, Spain
Ndeye Coumba Ndiaye - Inserm
William A. Neal - W Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
Ilona Nenko - Jagiellonian University
Flavio Nervi - Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Santiago, Chile
Nguyen D. Nguyen - College Station Medical Center
Quang Ngoc Nguyen
Ramfis E. Nieto-Martinez - Univ Ctr Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Lara, Venezuela
Teemu J. Niiranen - Natl Inst Hlth & Welf, Helsinki, Finland
Guang Ning - Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Toshiharu Ninomiya - Kyushu University
Sania Nishtar - Heartfile
Marianna Noale - CNR, Rome, Italy
Oscar A. Noboa - Univ Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
Ahmad Ali Noorbala - University of Tehran
Teresa Norat - Imperial Coll London, London W2 1PG, England
Davide Noto - University of Palermo
Mohannad Al Nsour - Eastern Mediterranean Publ Hlth Network, Amman, Jordan
Dermot O'Reilly - Queens University
Kyungwon Oh - Korea Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cheongju, South Korea
Maria Teresa A. Olinto - Univ Vale Rio dos Sinos, Sao Leopoldo, RS, Brazil
Isabel O. Oliveira - Univ Fed Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
Mohd Azahadi Omar - Minist Hlth Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
Altan Onat - Istanbul University
Pedro Ordunez - Pan Amer Hlth Org, Washington, DC USA
Clive Osmond
Sergej M. Ostojic - University of Novi Sad
Johanna A. Otero - Fdn Oftalmol Santander, Floridablanca, Santander, Spain
Kim Overvad - Aarhus University
Ellis Owusu-Dabo - Kwame Nkrumah University
Fred Michel Paccaud - College Station Medical Center
Cristina Padez - University of Coimbra
Elena Pahomova - University of Latvia
Andrzej Pajak - Jagiellonian University
Domenico Palli - Genoa
Luigi Palmieri - Ist Super Sanita, Rome, Italy
Songhomitra Panda-Jonas - Heidelberg University
Francesco Panza - University of Bari Aldo Moro
Dimitrios Papandreou - Zayed University
Winsome R. Parnell - University of Otago
Mahboubeh Parsaeian - University of Tehran
Ivan Pecin - University of Zagreb
Mangesh S. Pednekar - Healis Sekhsaria Inst Publ Hlth, Navi Mumbai, India
Nasheeta Peer - College Station Medical Center
Petra H. Peeters - College Station Medical Center
Sergio Viana Peixoto - Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rene Rachou Res Inst, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
Catherine Pelletier - Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Markku Peltonen - Natl Inst Hlth & Welf, Helsinki, Finland
Alexandre C. Pereira - Inst Heart, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Rosa Marina Perez - Natl Inst Hyg Epidemiol & Microbiol, Havana, Cuba
Annette Peters - Helmholtz Zentrum München
Janina Petkeviciene - Lithuanian Univ Hlth Sci, Kaunas, Lithuania
Son Thai Pham
Iris Pigeot - Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epi, Bremen, Germany
Hynek Pikhart - UCL, London WC1E 6BT, England
Aida Pilav - Federal Reserve
Lorenza Pilotto - Cardiovasc Prevent Ctr Udine, Udine, Italy
Freda Pitakaka - UNSW Sydney
Pedro Plans-Rubio - Publ Hlth Agcy Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
Maria Polakowska - Cardinal Wyszynski Inst Cardiol, Warsaw, Poland
Ozren Polasek - University of Split
Miquel Porta - College Station Medical Center
Marileen L. P. Portegies - Erasmus MC
Akram Pourshams - University of Tehran
Rajendra Pradeepa - Madras Diabet Res Fdn, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
Mathur Prashant - College Station Medical Center
Jacqueline F. Price - University of Edinburgh
Maria Puiu - Victor
Margus Punab - Tartu Univ Clin, Tartu, Estonia
Radwan F. Qasrawi - Al-Quds University
Mostafa Qorbani - College Station Medical Center
Ivana Radic - University of Novi Sad
Ricardas Radisauskas - Lithuanian Univ Hlth Sci, Kaunas, Lithuania
Mahfuzar Rahman - BRAC
Olli Raitakari - Turku Univ Hosp, Turku, Finland
Manu Raj - College Station Medical Center
Sudha Ramachandra Rao - Natl Inst Epidemiol, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
Elisabete Ramos - Universidade do Porto
Sanjay Rampal - University of Malaya
Daniel A. Rangel Reina - Mécanique et Engrenage Moderne
Finn Rasmussen - Karolinska Institutet
Josep Redon - Universitat de València
Paul Ferdinand M. Reganit
Robespierre Ribeiro - Minas Gerais State Secretariat Hlth, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
Elio Riboli - Imperial Coll London, London W2 1PG, England
Fernando Rigo - Hlth Ctr San Agustin, Gran Canaria, Spain
Tobias F. Rinke de Wit - PharmAccess Fdn, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Raphael M. Ritti-Dias - Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Sian M. Robinson - University of Southampton
Cynthia Robitaille - Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Fernando Rodriguez-Artalejo - Univ Autonoma Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
Laura A. Rodriguez-Villamizar - Univ Ind Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander, Spain
Rosalba Rojas-Martinez - Inst Nacl Salud Publ, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Annika Rosengren - Gothenburg Univ, S-41124 Gothenburg, Sweden
Adolfo Rubinstein - Inst Clin Effectiveness & Hlth Policy, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina
Ornelas Rui - Univ Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
Blanca Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt - Inst Mexicano Seguro Social, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
Andrea R. V. Russo Horimoto - Inst Heart, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Marcin Rutkowski - University of Gdańsk
Charumathi Sabanayagam - Singapore Eye Research Institute
Harshpal S. Sachdev - Sitaram Bhartia Inst Sci & Res, Delhi, India
Olfa Saidi - Univ Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
Sibel Sakarya - Marmara University
Benoit Salanave - French Publ Hlth Agcy, St Maurice, France
Eduardo Salazar Martinez - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Diego Salmeron - CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ, Madrid, Spain
Veikko Salomaa - Natl Inst Hlth & Welf, Helsinki, Finland
Jukka T. Salonen - University of Helsinki
Massimo Salvetti - University of Brescia
Jose Sanchez-Abanto - Natl Inst Hlth, Lima, Peru
Susana Sans - Catalan Dept Hlth, Barcelona, Spain
Diana Santos - University of Lisbon
Ina S. Santos - Univ Fed Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
Renata Nunes dos Santos - Univ Sao Paulo, Clin Hosp, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil
Rute Santos - Universidade do Porto
Jouko L. Saramies - S Karelia Social & Hlth Care Dist, Lappeenranta, Finland
Luis B. Sardinha - University of Lisbon
Giselle Sarganas Margolis - Robert Koch Institute
Nizal Sarrafzadegan - Isfahan Cardiovasc Res Ctr, Esfahan, Iran
Kai-Uwe Saum - Heidelberg
Savvas C. Savva - Res & Educ Inst Child Hlth, Nicosia, Cyprus
Marcia Scazufca - Univ Sao Paulo, Clin Hosp, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil
Herman Schargrodsky - Hosp Italiano Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina
Ione J. Schneider - Univ Fed Santa Catarina, BR-88040900 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
Constance Schultsz - College Station Medical Center
Aletta E. Schutte
Abhijit Sen - Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Trondheim, Norway
Idowu O. Senbanjo - Lagos State University
Sadaf G. Sepanlou - Digest Dis Res Inst, Tehran, Iran
Sanjib K. Sharma - BP Koirala Inst Hlth Sci, Dharan, Nepal
Jonathan E. Shaw - Baker IDI Heart & Diabet Inst, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Kenji Shibuya - The University of Tokyo
Dong Wook Shin - College Station Medical Center
Youchan Shin - Singapore Eye Research Institute
Rosalynn Siantar - Singapore Eye Research Institute
Abla M. Sibai - Amer Univ Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
Diego Augusto Santos Silva - Federal Reserve
Mary Simon - India Diabet Res Fdn, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
Judith Simons - St Vincents Hosp, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
Leon A. Simons - UNSW Sydney
Michael Sjotrom - Karolinska Institutet
Sine Skovbjerg - Res Ctr Prevent & Hlth, Glostrup, Denmark
Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer - College Station Medical Center
Przemyslaw Slusarczyk - Int Inst Mol & Cell Biol, Warsaw, Poland
Margaret C. Smith - University of Oxford
Marieke B. Snijder - College Station Medical Center
Hung-Kwan So - Chinese University of Hong Kong
Eugene Sobngwi - Univ Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
Stefan Soderberg - Umeå University
Vincenzo Solfrizzi - University of Bari Aldo Moro
Emily Sonestedt - Lund University
Yi Song - Peking University
Thorkild I. A. Sorensen - University of Copenhagen
Charles Sossa Jerome - Inst Reg Sante Publ, Ouidah, Benin
Aicha Soumare - University of Bordeaux
Jan A. Staessen - KU Leuven
Gregor Starc - University of Ljubljana
Maria G. Stathopoulou - Inserm
Bill Stavreski - Heart Fdn, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Jostein Steene-Johannessen - Supreme Council Of Health
Peter Stehle - University of Bonn
Aryeh D. Stein - Emory University
George S. Stergiou - Sotiria Hosp, Athens, Greece
Jochanan Stessman - Hadassah
Jutta Stieber - Helmholtz Zentrum München
Doris Stoeckl - Helmholtz Zentrum München
Tanja Stocks - Lund University
Jakub Stokwiszewski - Natl Inst Publ Health, Natl Inst Hyg, Warsaw, Poland
Karien Stronks - University of Amsterdam
Maria Wany Strufaldi - Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Chien-An Sun - Fu Jen Catholic University
Yn-Tz Sung - Chinese University of Hong Kong
Paibul Suriyawongpaisal - Mahidol University
Rody G. Sy - Univ Philippines, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
E. Shyong Tai - Natl Univ Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Mari-Liis Tammesoo - University of Tartu
Abdonas Tamosiunas
Line Tang - Res Ctr Prevent & Hlth, Glostrup, Denmark
Xun Tang - Peking University
Frank Tanser - University of KwaZulu-Natal
Yong Tao - Peking University
Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh - Minist Hlth, Amman, Jordan
Carolina B. Tarqui-Mamani - Natl Inst Hlth, Lima, Peru
Anne Taylor - University of Adelaide
Holger Theobald - Karolinska Institutet
Lutgarde Thijs - KU Leuven
Betina H. Thuesen - Res Ctr Prevent & Hlth, Glostrup, Denmark
Anne Tjonneland - Danish Canc Soc, Res Ctr, Copenhagen, Denmark
Hanna K. Tolonen - Natl Inst Hlth & Welf, Helsinki, Finland
Murat Topbas - Karadeniz Tech Univ, Trabzon, Turkey
Roman Topor-Madry - Jagiellonian University
Maria Jose Tormo - Murcia Reg Hlth Council, Murcia, Spain
Maties Torrent - IB SALUT Area Salut Menorca, Palma De Mallorca, Spain
Pierre Traissac - Inst Rech Dev, Marseille, France
Dimitrios Trichopoulos - Supreme Council Of Health
Antonia Trichopoulou - Hellen Hlth Fdn, Athens, Greece
Oanh T. H. Trinh - College Station Medical Center
Atul Trivedi - College Station Medical Center
Lechaba Tshepo - University of Pretoria
Marshall K. Tulloch-Reid - Univ West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen - University of Eastern Finland
Maria L. Turley - Minist Hlth, Wellington, New Zealand
Per Tynelius - Karolinska Institutet
Christophe Tzourio - University of Bordeaux
Peter Ueda - Supreme Council Of Health
Eunice Ugel - Univ Ctr Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Lara, Venezuela
Hanno Ulmer - College Station Medical Center
Hannu M. T. Uusitalo - University of Tampere
Gonzalo Valdivia - Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Santiago, Chile
Damaskini Valvi - Supreme Council Of Health
Yvonne T. van der Schouw - College Station Medical Center
Koen Van Herck - Univ Ghent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
Lenie van Rossem - College Station Medical Center
Irene G. M. van Valkengoed - College Station Medical Center
Dirk Vanderschueren - KU Leuven
Diego Vanuzzo - Ctr Prevenz Cardiovasc Udine, Udine, Italy
Lars Vatten - Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Trondheim, Norway
Tomas Vega - Consejeria Sanidad Junta de Castilla & Leon, Valladolid, Spain
Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez - Federal Reserve
Giovanni Veronesi - University of Insubria
W. M. Monique Verschuren - Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Bilthoven, Netherlands
Roosmarijn Verstraeten - College Station Medical Center
Cesar G. Victora - Univ Fed Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
Lucie Viet - Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Bilthoven, Netherlands
Eira Viikari-Juntura - Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, Helsinki, Finland
Paolo Vineis - Imperial Coll London, London W2 1PG, England
Jesus Vioque - Univ Miguel Hernandez, Elche, Spain
Jyrki K. Virtanen - University of Eastern Finland
Sophie Visvikis-Siest - Inserm
Bharathi Viswanathan - Minist Hlth, Mt Fleuri, Seychelles
Peter Vollenweider - University of Lausanne
Ana Vrdoljak - UHC Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Martine Vrijheid - Ctr Res Environm Epidemiol, Barcelona, Spain
Alisha N. Wade - University of the Witwatersrand
Aline Wagner - University of Strasbourg
Janette Walton - Univ Coll Cork, Cork, Ireland
Wan Nazaimoon Wan Mohamud - College Station Medical Center
Ming-Dong Wang - Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Qian Wang - College Station Medical Center
Ya Xing Wang - Beijing Tongren Hosp, Beijing, Peoples R China
S. Goya Wannamethee - UCL, London WC1E 6BT, England
Nicholas Wareham - University of Cambridge
Niels Wederkopp - University of Southern Denmark
Deepa Weerasekera - Minist Hlth, Wellington, New Zealand
Peter H. Whincup - University of London
Kurt Widhalm - University of Vienna
Indah S. Widyahening - University of Indonesia
Andrzej Wiecek - University of Silesia
Alet H. Wijga - Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Bilthoven, Netherlands
Rainford J. Wilks - University of the West Indies
Peter Willeit - College Station Medical Center
Emmanuel A. Williams - Komfo Anokye Teaching Hosp, Kumasi, Ghana
Tom Wilsgaard - UiT The Arctic University of Norway
Bogdan Wojtyniak - Int Inst Mol & Cell Biol, Warsaw, Poland
Tien Yin Wong - Duke-NUS Medical School
Roy A. Wong-McClure - Caja Costarricense Seguro Social, San Jose, Costa Rica
Jean Woo
Aleksander Giwercman Wu - Lund University
Frederick C. Wu - University of Manchester
Shou Ling Wu - Kailuan Gen Hosp, Tangshan, Peoples R China
Haiquan Xu - Minist Agr, Inst Food & Nutr Dev, Beijing, Peoples R China
Weili Yan - Fudan University
Xiaoguang Yang - Chinese Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Beijing, Peoples R China
Xingwang Ye - Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China
Panayiotis K. Yiallouros - University of Cyprus
Akihiro Yoshihara - Niigata University
Novie O. Younger-Coleman - Univ West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
Ahmad F. Yusoff
Sabina Zambon - University of Padua
Tomasz Zdrojewski - University of Gdańsk
Yi Zeng
Dong Zhao - College Station Medical Center
Wenhua Zhao - Chinese Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Beijing, Peoples R China
Yingffeng Zheng - Singapore Eye Research Institute
Dan Zhu - College Station Medical Center
Esther Zimmermann
Julio Zuniga Cisneros - Mécanique et Engrenage Moderne
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration
Publication Details: The Lancet (British edition), Vol.389(10064), pp.37-55
Identifiers: 9939199308331
Academic Unit: King Abdulaziz University
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article