Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are highly promising tools to deliver therapeutic molecules into tumours. alpha V beta 3 integrins are cell-matrix adhesion receptors, and are considered as an attractive target for anticancer therapies owing to their roles in the process of metastasis and angiogenesis. Therefore, this study aims to assess the effect of co-administration of zerumbone (ZER) and ZERencapsulated in hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin with TP5-iRGD peptide towards cell cytotoxicity, apoptosis induction, and proliferation of normal and cancerous breast cells utilizing in vitro assays, as well as to study the molecular docking of ZER in complex with TP5-iRGD peptide. Cell viability assay findings indicated that ZER and ZERencapsulated in hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (ZER-HP beta CD) inhibited the growth of estrogen receptor positivebreast cancer cells (ER+ MCF-7) at 72 h treatment with an inhibitory concentration (IC)(50) of 7.51 +/- 0.2 and 5.08 +/- 0.2 mu g/mL, respectively, and inhibited the growth of triple negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) with an IC50 of 14.96 +/- 1.52 mu g/mL and 12.18 +/- 0.7 mu g/mL, respectively. On the other hand, TP5-iRGD peptide showed no significant cytotoxicity on both cancer and normal cells. Interestingly, co-administration of TP5-iRGD peptide in MCF-7 cells reduced the IC50 of ZER from 7.51 +/- 0.2 mu g/mL to 3.13 +/- 0.7 mu g/mL and reduced the IC50 of ZER-HP beta CD from 5.08 +/- 0.2 mu g/mL to 0.49 +/- 0.004 mu g/mL, indicating that the co-administration enhances the potency and increases the efficacy of ZER and ZER-HP beta CD compounds. Acridine orange (AO)/propidium iodide (PI) staining under fluorescence microscopy showed evidence of early apoptosis after 72 h from the co-administration of ZER or ZER-HP beta CD with TP5-iRGD peptide in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The findings of the computational modelling experiment provide novel insights into the ZER interaction with integrin alpha v beta 3 in the presence of TP5-iRGD, and this could explain why ZER has better antitumor activities when co-administered with TP5-iRGD peptide.