Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by a progressive cognitive decline in affected individuals. Current therapeutic strategies are limited in their efficacy and some have proven to be even less effective at later disease stages or after extended use. We previously demonstrated that chronic inhibition of mGluR5 signaling using the selective negative allosteric modulator (NAM) CTEP in APPswe/PS1 Delta E9 mice can rescue cognitive function, activating the ZBTB16-mediated autophagy pathway to reduce A beta, the principal neurotoxic species in AD brains. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of long-term treatment with CTEP in 6 month old APPswe/PS1.E9 mice for either 24 or 36 weeks. CTEP maintained its efficacy in reversing working and spatial memory deficits and mitigating neurogliosis in APPswe/PS1.E9 mice when administered for 24 weeks. This was paralleled by a significant reduction in A beta oligomer and plaque load as a result of autophagy activation via ZBTB16 and mTOR-dependent pathways. However, further extension of CTEP treatment for 36 weeks was found ineffective in reversing memory deficit, neurogliosis, or A beta-related pathology. We found that this loss in CTEP efficacy in 15 month old APPswe/PS1.E9 mice was due to the abolished contribution of ZBTB16 and mTOR-mediated signaling to AD neuropathology at this advanced disease stage. Our findings indicate that the contribution of pathological mGluR5-signaling to AD may shift as the disease progresses. Thus, we provide the first evidence that the underlying pathophysiological mechanism(s) of AD may unfold along the course of the disease and treatment strategies should be modified accordingly to ensure maximal therapeutic outcomes.