Abstract
Highly productive macrophytes produce diurnal and seasonal cycles in CO2 concentrations modulated by metabolic activity, which cause discrepancies between pH in the bulk water and near seaweed blades, especially when entering the diffusion boundary layer (DBL). Calcifying epiphytic organisms living in this environment are therefore exposed to a different pH environment than that of the water column. To evaluate the actual pH environment on blade surfaces, we measured the thickness of the DBL and pH gradients within it for six subarctic macrophytes: Fucus vesiculosus, Ascophyllum nodosum, Ulva lactuca, Zostera marina, Saccharina longicruris, and Agarum clathratum. We measured pH under laboratory conditions at ambient temperatures (2-3 A degrees C) and slow, stable flow over the blade surface at five light intensities (dark, 30, 50, 100 and 200 A mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1)). Boundary layer thickness ranged between 511 and 1632 A mu m, while the maximum difference in pH (a dagger pH) between the blade surface and the water column ranged between 0.4 +/- 0.14 (average +/- SE; Zostera) and 1.2 +/- 0.13 (average +/- SE; Ulva) pH units. These differences in pH are larger than predictions for pH changes in the bulk water by the end of the century. A simple quadratic model best described the relationship between light intensity and maximum a dagger pH, pointing at relatively low optimum PAR of between 28 and 139 A mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1) to reach maximum a dagger pH. Elevated pH at the blade surface may provide chemical "refugia" for calcifying epiphytic organisms, especially during summer at higher latitudes where photoperiods are long.